Sources:

[ A ] Marcel Ferru, 1977: The Bankruptcy of the BCG: testimonys of yesterday and today (Poitiers)

[ B ] Is it necessary to be afraid of vaccinations? , under the direction of Sylvie Simon, 2000 (éd Already) [ index ] .

[ C ] Fair Olivier: "the systematic vaccination called into question", in Research nº 356, September 2002, p. 66-69.

[ D ] Christian Bonah and Philippe Menut: "the long walk of a veteran", in Research nº 356, September 2002, p. 70-73.

[ E ] Catherine Sokolsky: "the discussed BCG", in That To choose nº 380, March 2001, p. 50-52.

[ F ] "illusions of vaccination"; in That To choose nº 413, March 2004, p. 8

[ G ] "BCG: soon end?", in Research , nº 364, May 2003, p. 24.

In 1921, at the end of sixteen years of research, bacillus-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) of Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin, the Pasteur Institute, is used by Benjamin Weill-Hallé to vaccinate the first human baby by oral way. Weill-Hallé vaccinates 589 new-born babies followed during years and it shows a very weak mortality by tuberculosis between 0 and 2%, but without comparing with a group of not vaccinated children. [ D:70 ]

In 1927, Calmette affirms a mortality of 0,8% of mortality in the vaccinated children, against 24% at not-vaccinated between 0 and 1 year. Major Greenwood, professor of epidemiology at the university of London, and Arvid Wallgren, professor of pediatry in Stockholm, dispute the mortality of 24% which seems exorbitant, and suppose that the mortality of 0,8% is codéterminée by other factors, like the insulation of the children of their family lasting at least a month. They criticize the too small number of followed children, the absence of groups of control, and the difficulty in even determining mortality by tuberculosis without bacteriological tests of autopsies [ D:71 ].

Between February and April 1930, 256 new-born babies are vaccinated in Lübeck. In 1932, 77 died and 130 patients. From October 1930 at February 1931, the lawsuit of the penal court seized for manslaughter shows a probable accidental contamination from the BCG with a stock virulent tubercular patient and condemns two doctors to a firm prison sentence. [ D:72 ]

In France, centralized and concerted management information by the Pasteur Institute and the ministries concerned makes it possible to reduce the discredit of vaccination in general public [ D;72 ]

In 1949 in Paris, under the aegis of the Institute Pasteur, the "First international Congress of the BCG", with 300 scientists of 35 countries, concludes that this vaccine is the most effective means of prevention of tuberculosis [ D:73 ].

April 8, 1949 in France, the bill on the obligation of the BCG is adopted without debate by the French National Assembly [ D:73 ].

In 1950, the law of obligation of vaccine BCG was voted by 17 deputies with 1 H of the morning, via the Pasteur Institute and the member of Parliament Valéry-Radot, the business leader of the Pasteur Institute at the time [ B ].

The BCG became obligatory little of time after the beginning of the antibiotic treatment by streptomycine, which largely caused the fall of mortality by tuberculosis in France after the war [ D:73 ]

In 1970, Holland, which practised less the vaccination of mass but more it tracking and treatment, became the country of Europe having mortality the lowest tubercular patient [ E50&52 ].

In the newspaper medical Contest of April 10, 1974, Prs Rene Pariente and Coudreau, lung specialists, affirm: "For us, vaccination by the BCG is not founded scientifically any more and, médicalement, it is not justifiable any more" [ E:50 ].

The obligation of the BCG was abandoned in Sweden in 1975; and there is never obligation of the BCG in Holland and in the USA [ C:66 ]

In 1986, Prs Dautzenberg and Sors, lung specialists, affirm in the General practitioner : "vaccination by the BCG should not be obligatory any more." [ E:50 ].

Vaccine BCG prevents the diagnosis of tuberculosis by intra-dermo-reaction, because one cannot distinguish the reactions to tuberculin any more used by the BCG from those caused by the natural infection. The USA largely use this diagnosis, with effectiveness during the increase in tuberculosis because of the AIDS at the beginning of the years 1990 in New York [ E:51 ].

In the newspaper Release of October 5, 1994, Pr Christian Jacques, specialist in tuberculosis, affirms that the BCG is "a vaccine empirical and haloed, in France, of a very chauvinist connotation" [ E:50 ].

In 1995, a report/ratio of the World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that no scientific result confirms the utility of the revaccination [ C:66 ]

According to the weekly epidemiologic Bulletin of the 11/8/95 of WHO, BCG'S is the vaccine more used, in 172 countries where 85% of nourrissons received it in 1993. However, tuberculosis is the most fatal disease with nearly two million dead per annum, including 98% in the poor countries. According to Pr Rene Pariente, "Nobody can say that the BCG is very effective since all tuberculoses occur at vaccinated", and Dr. Raviglione affirms that "the vaccine does not protect from the infection" [ E:51 ]

In 1996 in France, vaccination BCG cost 751 million francs, including 665 (88%) for the revaccination, which is also applied in Europe only to Portugal and Tchéquie [ C:66-67; E:52 ].

According to the Medical Institute of Day before (Ventura SYSTRAN Interface), the BCG makes it possible to avoid in the children of less than 6 years in France, between seven and sixteen cases of meningitis but causes a hundred adénites. [ C:68 ]

According to Dr. Daniel Lévy-Bruhl, epidemiologist at the medical Institute of day before, "BCG'S is only one of the tools of the fight against tuberculosis. It is not him which made move back the disease, but the antibiotics and hygiene "[ C:67 ]. It also affirms: "If one compares the countries which vaccinate and those which do not vaccinate, one does not see a correlation between this element and the level of tuberculosis." [ E:51 ].

In France, the three quarters of the people tubercular patients of less than 15 years are vaccinated by the BCG [ F ].

In 2003, the nº 10-11 of the weekly epidemiologic Bulletin publishes that, according to the medical Institute of day before, "the benefit of the vaccination generalized by the BCG appears a weak [... ] complete change of the strategy [... ] is to be envisaged." [ G ]